Trowulan
Background: The Majapahit Kingdom and Its Legacy
The Majapahit Kingdom ruled eastern Java from 1293, reaching its height as a dominant political, economic, and cultural force across Indonesia. Centered in the inland capital of Trowulan, the kingdom maintained strong connections with northern coastal ports and traded extensively with Southeast Asia and China, fueling European demand for Indonesian spices. The people of Majapahit practiced a syncretic blend of Hinduism and Buddhism, coexisting with a growing Muslim presence that would later shape Indonesia’s religious landscape. Much of what is known about Majapahit comes from the Nāgarakrĕtāgama, a 14th-century poem by Mpu Prapañca, which offers vivid descriptions of life at the royal court and the bustling, cosmopolitan city of Trowulan. Majapahit’s influence declined over time, with the capital eventually conquered in the late 15th century and subsequently abandoned. Excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries have unearthed thousands of artifacts and revealed scattered remains of this once-thriving city, though much of Trowulan remains buried.
Preservation Efforts: Threats and Achievements
In 2014, Trowulan was listed on the World Monuments Watch in response to plans for a steel factory near the archaeological site. Advocacy by the Indonesian Heritage Trust and Save Trowulan led to the temporary halting of construction and drew attention to the need for legal protections and updated conservation strategies for the ancient city. Public campaigns, including an online petition with over 10,000 signatures, resulted in the factory permit’s revocation and the designation of Trowulan as a conservation district in December 2013. The Watch also inspired initiatives like the Mandala Majapahit (Majapahit Corner), a community resource in Jatisumber village that highlights the region’s archaeological heritage with a library and a collection of artifacts. These efforts, supported by local and international advocates, continue to emphasize the importance of preserving Trowulan’s legacy while deepening public understanding of its historical significance.
